Applications
Apoptosis is an essential process for normal tissue development and homeostasis by which cells undergo timely programmed cell death. Aberrations in apoptotic signaling are implicated in a range of human pathologies including cancer, autoimmune disease and neurodegeneration. Induction of apoptosis leads, in most cases, to the activation of caspases (cysteinyl aspartate proteinases) and plasma membrane alterations. The activation of caspase-3 or caspase-7 results in the irreversible commitment of the cell to apoptotic death, and is considered a reliable marker for apoptosis. The regulated loss of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) symmetry is also a classical marker of apoptosis. Dying cells trigger the translocation of the normally inward-facing PS to the cellular surface, allowing for early phagocytic recognition of the dying cell by surrounding phagocytes.
Numerous enzymatic, plate-reader and flow-cytometric assays have been designed to measure caspase-3/7 activation or PS externalization. Most caspase-3/7 assays involve luciferase, colorimetric or fluorometric reagent substrates that incorporate a DEVD (Asp-Glu-Val-Asp) peptide motif which is recognized by the enzyme. Annexin V is a recombinant protein with a high affinity and selectivity for PS residues, allowing it to be used for the detection of apoptosis. Apoptosis assays using Annexin V conjugated to a fluoroprobe have been optimized for detection of PS externalization and are most commonly measured by flow-cytometry. The major drawbacks of these common apoptosis assays are (1) they yield a single, (arbitrary) user-defined end-point measurement; (2) they require multiple wash steps or cell lifting that may result in the loss of dying cells or lead to a loss in PS asymmetry; and (3) they are not amenable to long-term measurements due to increasing signal background over time.
A guide to real-time live-cell imaging & analysis
Gain additional insights into the mechanism of immune cell killing by combining live cell analysis and flow cytometry into a single workflow
Download Your CopyThe Incucyte® Live-Cell Analysis System enables real-time, automated apoptosis assays inside your tissue culture incubator.
Measure multiple apoptotic pathways simultaneously and in real time using the mix-and-read Incucyte® Caspase-3/7 and Annexin V Dyes. Correlate apoptotic signals with Incucyte® high definition phase contrast images to provide additional biological insight and morphological validation of apoptotic cell death (e.g. cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, nuclear condensation)
Measure apoptosis in tumor, immune or neuronal cultures using Incucyte apoptosis assays. Real-time detection of apoptosis in Incucyte® Nuclight Green labeled MDA-MB-231 human breast adenocarcinoma cells treated with TNFα and cycloheximide (left), and in Jurkat T lymphocyte cells treated with camptothecin (right). Apoptotic cells are labeled red using the mix-and-read Incucyte Caspase-3/7 Red Dye or Annexin V Red Dye respectively. Apoptotic cells are quantified in real time using the Incucyte Live-Cell Analysis System.
View Incucyte™ Apoptosis Publications
Quantify apoptosis in your choice of cells using Incucyte apoptosis assays and image analysis tools. (Top far-left) Incucyte images of HT-1080 sarcoma cells in the presence of camptothecin (100 µM) and Incucyte Caspase-3/7 Green Dye. Note the characteristic cell shrinkage and membrane blebbing that accompanies the Caspase-3/7 fluorescent green signal. (Bottom far-left) Incucyte image analysis tools enable automated counting of apoptotic tumor cells (pink mask). (Top center-left) Incucyte images of MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells treated with TNFα and cycloheximide in the presence of Caspase-3/7 Red Dye. (Bottom center-left) Incucyte image analysis tools enable automated counting of apoptotic tumor cells (light blue mask). (Top center-right) Incucyte images of Jurkat T lymphocyte cells in the presence of camptothecin (1 µM) and Incucyte® Annexin V Red Dye. (Bottom center-right) Automated image analysis (blue mask) enables direct detection of apoptotic immune cells. (Top right) Incucyte image of primary rat forebrain neurons in co-culture with astrocytes in the presence of glutamate (300 µM) and Incucyte® Annexin V Green Dye. Neurons are selectively labeled with the Incucyte® Neurolight Red Lentivirus. (Bottom right) Analyzed images (blue mask) positively mark apoptotic cells.
Quantify treatment effects automatically and non-invasively. Incucyte Apoptosis Assays allow every well of a 96/384 well plate to be imaged and analyzed automatically to provide a microplate readout of cytotoxicity over time (left). Time-courses reveal concentration-dependent treatment effects (center). Transform data into concentration-response curves to compare pharmacology (right).
Confirm apoptotic cell death with two apoptosis readouts. Detect both Caspase-3/7 and Annexin V signals in your cultures. Automatically determine the time courses of apoptotic cell death.
Multiplex apoptosis measurements with live-cell label free counting and quantification of time-courses and concentration-dependence of cytotoxicity and proliferation. Camptothecin (1 µM) or cycloheximide (1 µM) treated HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells in the presence of the Incucyte® Annexin V Green Dye to detect apoptotic cells at 24h (masking of dead cells shown). Classification plots to identify green (apoptotic) population (second column), time-course plots (third column) and concentration-response curves (forth column) show difference in effect of a cytotoxic and cytostatic compound.
The Incucyte Caspase 3/7 and Annexin V Dyes are fully validated for use with the Incucyte Live-Cell Analysis System. In addition, they can be combined with our range of Incucyte Nuclight nuclear labeling reagents, or the Incucyte Cytotox Dyes for multiplexed measurements of proliferation and cytotoxicity alongside apoptosis within the same well.
Product | Qty. | Catalog No. |
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Incucyte® Caspase-3/7 Green Dye for Apoptosis | One vial: 20 μL (100-200 tests) | 4440 |
Incucyte® Caspase-3/7 Red Dye for Apoptosis | One vial: 20 μL (100-200 tests) | 4704 |
Incucyte® Caspase-3/7 for Metabolism Dye | One vial: 20 μL (100-200 tests) | 4776 |
Incucyte® Annexin V Green Dye | One vial: 100-200 tests | 4642 |
Incucyte® Annexin V Red Dye | One vial: 100-200 tests | 4641 |
Incucyte® Annexin V Orange Dye | One vial: 100-200 tests | 4759 |
Incucyte® Annexin V NIR Dye | One vial: 100-200 tests | 4768 |
Incucyte® MMP Orange Reagent Kit | One Kit: MMP Orange Reagent: 30 µL (200 tests) FCCP: 10 µL (16 tests) Oligomycin: 10 µL (16 tests) |
4775 |
Incucyte® Cytotox Green Dye | Five vials: 5 μL (100 tests) | 4633 |
Incucyte® Cytotox Red Dye | Five vials: 5 μL (100 tests) | 4632 |
Incucyte® Cytotox NIR Dye | One vial: 100 μL (500-1000 tests) | 4846 |